Written in Greek, without any intention of publication, by the only Roman emperor who was also a philosopher, the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius (AD 121-180) offer a remarkable series of challenging spiritual reflections and exercises developed as the emperor struggled to understand himself and make sense of the universe.
Ranging from doubt and despair to conviction and exaltation, they cover such diverse topics as the nature of moral virtue, human rationality, divine providence, and Marcus' own emotions.
But while the Meditations were composed to provide personal consolation and encouragement, in developing his beliefs Marcus Aurelius also created one of the greatest of all works of philosophy: a timeless collection of extended meditations and short aphorisms that has been consulted and admired by statesmen, thinkers and readers through the centuries.
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Marcus Aurelius (121–180 CE) was a Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher. Though his reign was threatened by war and disease, he successfully held the empire together and is associated with the Golden Age of Rome. His Meditations has long been considered one of the greatest books of the era and remains a cornerstone of Western philosophical appreciation of Stoicism.